The Hepburn romanization system of Japanese, for example, kōtsū ( 交通, こうつう) "traffic" as opposed to kotsu ( 骨, こつ) "bone" or "knack".The same three letters are transliterated as plain a, i, u when representing short vowels. The other long vowel phonemes don't have dedicated letters in the Greek alphabet, being indicated by digraphs (transliterated likewise as digraphs) or by the letters α, ι, υ – represented as ā, ī, ū. In romanization of classical Greek, the letters η ( eta) and ω ( omega) are transliterated, respectively, as ē and ō, representing the long vowels of classical Greek, whereas the short vowels ε ( epsilon) and ο ( omicron) are always transliterated as plain e and o.In addition, most of the newest academic publications use both the macron and the breve sparingly, mainly when vowel length is relevant to the discussion. However, the older of these editions are not always explicit on whether they mark long vowels or heavy syllables – a confusion that is even found in some modern learning materials. It is sometimes used in conjunction with the breve, especially to distinguish the short vowels /i/ and /u/ from their semi-vowel counterparts /j/ and /w/, originally, and often to this day, spelt with the same letters. Any of the six vowel letters (ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, ӯ) can bear it. In Latin, many of the more recent dictionaries and learning materials use the macron as the modern equivalent of the ancient Roman apex to mark long vowels.Transcriptions of Sanskrit typically use a macron over ā, ī, ū, ṝ, and ḹ in order to mark a long vowel (e and o are always long and consequently do not need any macron).Thus the Arabic word ثلاثة (three) is transliterated thalāthah. Transcriptions of Arabic typically use macrons to indicate long vowels – ا ( alif when pronounced /aː/), و ( waw, when pronounced /uː/ or /oː/), and ي ( ya', when pronounced /iː/ or /eː/).Languages with this feature include standard and dialect varieties of Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, and Bulgarian.
Many textbooks about Ancient Rome and Greece use the macron, even if it was not actually used at that time (an apex was used if vowel length was marked in Latin). Even relatively recent classical Greek and Latin dictionaries are still concerned with indicating only the length (weight) of syllables that is why most still do not indicate the length of vowels in syllables that are otherwise metrically determined. In Greco-Roman metrics and in the description of the metrics of other literatures, the macron was introduced and is still widely used to mark a long (heavy) syllable.
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